Data availability
Data from the ELSA-Brasil study were used under license for the current study due to privacy reasons, therefore the data are not publicly available. Researchers can apply for data access at http://elsabrasil.org/. This study complies with the GATHER statement.
Code availability
The code used for the main analysis of this paper is available at https://github.com/NattyGG/EAT-Lancet.
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Acknowledgements
The ELSA-Brasil study was supported by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). Drs Barreto, Bensenor, Goulart, Marchioni and Suemoto receive support from CNPq, Brazil (research productivity fellowship). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, management, analysis, interpretation, writing of the manuscript and decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Division of Geriatrics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
Natalia Gomes Gonçalves&Claudia Kimie Suemoto
Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Leandro Teixeira Cacau&Dirce Maria Marchioni
Amazônia Adventist College, Pará, Brazil
Naomi Vidal Ferreira
Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, Hospital Universitario, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
Paulo Andrade Lotufo,Alessandra Carvalho Goulart&Isabela Martins Bensenor
Department of Social Medicine, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
Maria Carmen Viana
Preventive and Social Medicine Department, Clinical Hospital/ EBSERH, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
Sandhi Maria Barreto
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- Natalia Gomes Gonçalves
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Contributions
N.G.G., C.K.S., D.M.M. and L.T.C. conceptualized the study. N.G.G., C.K.S. and L.T.C. curated data. N.G.G. conducted the formal analysis. P.A.L., S.M.B. and I.M.B. acquired funding. C.K.S. supervised the study. N.G.G. was responsible for data visualization. N.G.G., L.T.C. and N.V.F. wrote the original draft. L.T.C., N.V.F., P.A.L., A.C.G., M.C.V., S.M.B., I.M.B., D.M.M. and C.K.S. reviewed and edited the manuscript. N.G.G. and C.K.S. directly accessed and verified the underlying data reported in the manuscript. All authors had full access to all the data in the study and had the final responsibility to submit it for publication.
Corresponding author
Correspondence to Claudia Kimie Suemoto.
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Nature Aging thanks Weili Xu, Changzheng Yuan and the other, anonymous, reviewer(s) for their contributions to the peer review of this work.
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Extended data
Extended Data Fig. 1
Flowchart of the study participants during the follow-up period.
Extended Data Fig. 2 Association of quintiles of the Planetary Health Index (PHDI) adherence score at the study baseline with (A) memory, (B) verbal fluency, (C) executive function, and (D) global cognition trajectories over a median of eight years of follow-up in participants < 60 years (n = 9,382) and ≥ 60 years (n = 2,355).
Linear mixed-effects models adjusted for age, sex, education, income, race, alcohol consumption, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, physical activity, depressive symptoms, BMI, and total calories. We used inverse probability weighting to correct for attrition bias related to mortality and missing participation at each wave. PHDI score ranged from 0 to 150 and was categorized into quintiles (1st quintile: 26.22–50.53, 2nd quintile 2: 50.54–57.00, 3rd quintile: 57.01–62.96, 4th quintile: 62.98–69.90, 5th quintile: 69.91–109.98). Data are presented as mean values for each quintile. P values represent the interaction terms among quintiles of PHDI, age, and the timescale calculated using the Wald test (two-sided). Exact p values: (A) 1.1 × 10−8, (D) 1.0 × 10−6.
Extended Data Fig. 3 Brazilian map indicating where ELSA-Brasil recruitment centers were located.
The number of participants in each center was Salvador: 2,025 participants; Belo Horizonte: 3,115 participants; Vitória: 1,055 participants; Rio de Janeiro: 1,784 participants; São Paulo: 5,061 participants; Porto Alegre: 2,061 participants.
Supplementary information
Supplementary Information
Supplementary Tables 1–7 and Supplementary References.
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Gomes Gonçalves, N., Cacau, L.T., Ferreira, N.V. et al. Adherence to the planetary health diet and cognitive decline: findings from the ELSA-Brasil study. Nat Aging (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-024-00666-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s43587-024-00666-4
